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What is a differential and an LSD?

If both wheels are connected directly, it is impossible to turn a car smoothly. In order to solve thisproblem, a differential is created. A differential allows each of the driving wheels to rotate at different speeds.(When cornering, the inner wheel travels a shorter distance than the outer wheel, resulting in the outer wheel spinning faster) On the other hand, on muddy, snowy, or frozen roads, frequently the torque is transferred to the wheel with least resistance resulting in a wheel spin.

An LSD has been developed by improving the standard(open) differential. LSD is an acronym for Limited Slip Differential. It is a gear mechanism which limits the rotational difference of the output shafts. With an LSD, even when one wheel is spinning or slipping, an LSD transfers the driving torque to both wheels equally.

Types of LSD

There are several types of LSD, like mechanical type LSD, gear type LSD, viscous type LSD and more.

Comparison

Gear type LSD(Helical is most popular) & Viscous type LSD: Advantage: Quiet and maintenance free. Used for many stock differentials.; Disadvantage: Weak locking and slow response.
Mechanical Type LSD (Carbonetic LSD): Advantage: Excellent performance.; Disadvantage: Need for LSD oil, chattering sound and durability.

Why do you need the LSD in a racing situation?

When cornering in a competition or a racing situation, due to body roll there frequently are times when one of the driving wheels of a car is lifted off the ground. Then, an open differential transfers all the torque to the wheel lifted rather than to the one on the ground. That only results in a useless wheel spin and the car loses forward momentum. In order to eliminate the spin, you need an LSD which transfers the torque to both wheels and consequently improves your lap times.

When is the LSD effective?

DRIFTING - Without an LSD, it is very difficult to control the car with the throttle. With an open differential, the forward movement is limited when the car is drifting.
ROAD RACE / AUTOCROSS - the more narrow & sharp corners there are the more you would benefit.
DRAG RACE - In general use, the LSD does not exhibit this special function. However, during the sudden starts under high power and while up-shifting during acceleration, either the left or right tire always slips as the result of the back torque and road condition. How quickly this condition is detected and subjected to differential lock determines the relative merits of an LSD.